These data provide the empirical base for "Eminence Revisited," an article by
Eileen Whipple that appeared in HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 7, no. 3, August 2004. For a discussion of these data and results drawn from them, please see this article.
DATA SET for Eminence Revisited
Code for
Geographical Area (G)
Code for
National Identity (N)
Names by
Historical Period in Cattell and Whipple Showing
Geographical
Area, Contribution, and Ranks
Code for Geographical Area (G)
1.
2.
Asia
3.
4.
5.
France, Corsica, and
6. Germany, Austria, Saxony, Prussia,
& Switzerland (including Bavaria, Silesia, Thuringia, Swabia)
7. Eastern/Central Europe (Hungary,
Bohemia, Moravia Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland,
Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, modern Greece)
8. Spain/Portugal
9. Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, &
Papal States
10. Roman Empire up to 400 A.D.
11. Ancient Greece (including
Macedonia & Greek settlements in Asia Minor)
12. Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Greenland)
13.
14. India, Pakistan, Nepal, &
Tibet
15. Middle East (Iran, Persia, Iraq,
Syria, Arabia, Turkey, Babylon, Phoenicia, Palestine (Israel), Mesopotamia,
Arabia, Armenia, Assyria, Cilicia, Ottoman Empire)
16.
17. United States of America
18. Other Americas (Mexico, Central
& South America, & Caribbean Islands)
19. Southeast Asia (Burma, Thailand,
Cambodia, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia)
Code for Contribution (C)
1. Art (painting, sculpture, etching,
photography and architecture)
2. Business & Industry (including
applied economics, manufacturing, banking, and finance)
3. Education (educationist, education
theorist, and educational administrator)
4. Engineering, Invention, Technology,
& Urban Development
5. Government, Politics, &
Military (including diplomacy, economists employed by government, and political
scientists in government)
6. Exploration & Colonization
(including cartography and geography)
7. Journalism & Publishing
8. Law
9. Literature (prose, plays, and
poetry)
10. Music (classical composers and
performers)
11. Philosophy
12. Religion
13. Scholarship (including history and
linguistics)
14. Science & Mathematics
(including social science and medicine)
15. Social and environmental reform
(including philanthropists, union leaders, conservationists, civil rights
workers, social activists and reformers, and revolutionaries)
16. Theater, films, and classical
dance (performers and directors)
17.
Other
Names by Historical Period in Cattell and Whipple
Showing Geographical Area, Contribution, and Ranks
Antiquity
(-14th Century B.C. through 4th Century A.D.)
![]()
Cattell
Whipple
Name G C
Rank Rank
![]()
Aeschines 11 5
560
Æschylus
11 9
238 217
Aesop 11 9
944
Agathocles 11 5
895
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 10
5 739
Alaric I 10 5
445
Alcibiades
11 5
267 564
Alexander the Great 11 5
17 32
Ambrose, Saint 10 12
138 518
Anaxagoras 11 11
703
Antoninus Pius 10 5
491
Antony, Mark 10 5
208 331
Apelles 11 1
822
Apuleius, Lucius 10 11
927
Archimedes 11 14
414 192
Aristophanes 11 9 136
337
Aristotle 11 11
6 12
Arius 1 12
237 861
Athanasius, Saint 1 12
184 582
Atticus 10 9
870
Augustine, Saint 1 12
81 29
Augustus, Cæsar 10 5
20 76
Aurelian 10 5
581 780
Basil, Saint 10 12
301
Brutus, Marcus Junius 10
5 947
Buddha 14 12
32 148
Cæsar, Gaius Julius 10 5
8 13
Caligula 10 5
903
Catilina, Lucius 10 5
535
Cato the Elder 10 5
484 877
Cato the Younger 10 5
595
Catullus, Gaius 10 9
367 627
Celsus 10 11
842
Chrysostom, John 15 12
284
Cicero, Marcus Tulius 10
5 15 86
Claudianus, Claudius 10 9
994
Claudius I, Tiberius 10 5 631
Clement of Alexandria 10
12 536 943
Cleopatra 1 5
725 471
Confucius 2 11
25 98
Constantine I 10 5
160 55
Cyprian, Saint 10 12
688
Cyrus the Great 15 5
487 800
Darius I 15 5
798 446
Demetrius I Polior 11 5
750
Democritus 11 11
751 640
Demosthenes 11 5
36 207
Diocletian 10 5
690 162
Dionysius the Elder 11 5 801
Domitian 10 5
995 917
Empedocles 11 11
896 896
Ennius, Quintus 10 9
855
Epaminondas 11 5
708 858
Epictetus 11 11 856
Epicurus 11 11
240 249
Euclid 11 14
501 475
Euripides 11 9
99 152
Eusebius of Cæsarea 15 12
508
Flavius Josephus 15 13
645 641
Galen 10 14
443 336
Germanicus Cæsar 10 5
299
Gracchus, Gaius 10 5
759
Gracchus, Tiberius/Gaius 10
5 *759 260
Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint 11
12 498
Gregory of Nyssa, Saint 11
12 741
Hadrian 10 5
202 600
Hannibal 1 5
107 202
Heraclitus 11 11
721 634
Herod I
15 5
546 642
Herodotus 11 13
201 326
Hesiod 11 9
477 655
Hipparchus 11 14
781
Hippocrates 11 14
165 483
Homer 11 9
13 112
Horace 10 9
53 149
Iamblicus 15 11
984
Irenaeus, Saint 11 12
931
Isocrates 11 9
242
Jerome, Saint 10 12
243 529
Jugurtha 10 5
786
Julianus, Flavius 10 5
88 473
Justin, Saint 11 12
706
Juvenal 10 9
229 541
Lactantius, Lucius 10 12
917
Lao-Tzu 2 11
552 946
Livy 10 13
119 830
Lucanus, Marcus 10 9
819
Lucian 11 9 387
Lucretius 10 9
209 729
Lucullus, Lucius 10 5
522
Lycurgus 11 5
437
Lysias 11 9
809
Mæcenas 10 5 610
Manes 15 12
700
Marcus Aurelius 10 5
50 269
Marcus Valerius Martialus 10
9 458
Marius, Gaius 10 5
228 416
Martin of Tours, Saint 10
12 853
Mencius 2 11
214
Mithradates VI 15 5
241 743
Nero 10 5
44 317
Origen 15 12
145 341
Ovid 10
9 117 344
Pericles 11 5
200 278
Persius 10 9
554
Petronius 10 9
967
Phidias 11 1
402 415
Philip II of Macedon 11 5 448
Philo of Alexandria 11 11
346
Philopoemen 11 5
734
Phocion 11 5
586
Pindar 11 9
322 519
Plato
11 11
10 18
Plautus 10 9
449 348
Pliny, Gaius the Elder 10
13 292
Pliny, Gaius the Younger 10
5 673
Plotinus 10 11
774 366
Plutarch 11 9
134 368
Polybius 11 13
289
Pompey, Gnæus 10 5
210 314
Porphyry 11 13
906
Praxiteles 11 1 699
Propertius, Sextus 10 9
803
Ptolemy 11 14
80 285
Pyrrhus 11 5 829
Pythagoras 11 14
89 400
Quintilian 10 13 608
Sallust 10 13
675
Sappho 11 9
701
Scipio Africanus Major 10
5 416
Scipio Africanus Minor 10
5 764
Sebastian, Saint 10 12
974
Seneca, Lucius 10 11
189 223
Sertorius, Quintus 10 5
992
Severus, Alexander 10 5
312
Severus, Lucius Septimus 10
5 809
Simonides of Ceos 11 9
986
Socrates 11 11
29 106
Sophocles 11 9
181 117
Solon 11 5
391 509
Stilicho, Flavius 10 5
935
Strabo 11 6
500
Sulla, Lucius 10 5
350 507
Tacitus 10 13
294 264
Terence Afer, Publius 10
9 453 749
Tertullian 10 12
273 490
Thales of Miletus 11
11 914
Themistocles 11 5
555
Theocritus 11 9
880
Theodosius I 10 5
459 629
Thucydides 11 13
72 492
Tiberius 10
5 175 580
Titus 10 5
579
Trajan 10 5
158 568
Varro, Marcus 10 13
427 503
Vespasian 10 5
733 514
Virgil
10 9
57 100
Xenophon 11 13
223 208
Zeno of Elea 11 11
726 750
Zoroaster 15 12
315
* Gaius and Tiberius are listed
separately in Cattell, but can't be disentangled in Whipple. When looking at the overlap of Cattell with
Whipple, they have been treated as one name in Cattell, and given the higher
rank of 759 for Gaius.
Middle Ages
(5th Century B.C. through 14th Century A.D.)
![]()
Cattell
Whipple
Name G C
Rank Rank
![]()
Abelard, Peter 5 12
110 300
Albertus Magnus 6 11
601 632
Alcuin 6
13 740
Alfonso I of Portugal 8
5 913
Alfonso X of Castile 8 5
832 653
Alfred the Great 4 5
217
Ali ibn Abi Talib 15 5
661
Anselm, Saint 9
12 620 380
Attila 6 5
316
Averroes 8 11
347 432
Avicenna 15 14
364 428
Bacon, Roger 4 11
199 474
Becket, Saint Thomas à 4
12 123 593
Bede the Venerable 4 13
878
Belisarius 15 5
468
Benedict, Saint 9 12 892
Beranger of Tours 5 12
919
Bernard of Clairvaux 5
12 256 599
Boccaccio, Giovanni 9 9
147 139
Boethius, Anicius 9 11
331 985
Bonaventura, Johannes 9
12 549
Boniface, Wynfrid 6
12 958
Boniface VIII, Pope 9 12
405 842
Charlemagne 5 5
135 26
Charles I of Sicily 9 5
997 981
Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 915
Charles V of France 5 5
897
Charles VI of France 5 5
542
Chaucer, Geoffrey 4 9
170 115
Chretien de Troyes 5 9 584
Cid Campeador 8 5 548
Clovis I 5 5
864 686
Cyril of Alexandria, Saint 1
12 934
Dante Alighieri 9 9
42 33
Dominic, Saint 8 12 865
Duns Scotus 4
12 235
Edward I of England 4 5 606
Edward III of England 4
5 904 411
Firdausi 15 9
230
Francis of Assisi, Saint 9
12 648 335
Frederick I Barbarossa 6
5 511 228
Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 204 141
Froissart, Jean 5 9
236
Ghazali, Abu Hamid al- 15
12 788
Genghis Khan 2 5
634 255
Giotto di Bondone 9 1
738 85
Godfrey of Bouillon 5 5
953
Gregory I, Pope 9 12
431 363
Gregory VII, Pope 9 12
324 230
Guesclin, Bertrand du 5
5 716
Guiscard, Robert 9 5 880
Hariri, el 15 9
963
Harold II of England 4 5
858
Haroun al-Raschid 15 5 912
Henry I of England 4 5 606
Henry II of England 4 5
457 286
Henry III of England 4 5
782 730
Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 372 554
Innocent III, Pope 9 12
314 288
Joachim of Floris 9
12 836
Johannes Erigena 5 12
813 786
John of England 4 5
296 320
John XXII, Pope 5 12
982
Joinville, Jean de 5 13
258
Justinian I E. Roman Emperor 15
5 98 158
Khaldun, ibn 15 13 831
Leo I, Pope 9 12 843
Lorenzetti, Pietro/Ambrogio 9
1 718
Louis I Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 990 709
Louis IX of France 5 5
420 782
Lully, Raymond 8 12
517 662
Mahmud of Ghazni 15 5
969
Maimonides, Moses 1 11
885 995
Martini, Simone 9
1 970
Mohammed 15 12
3 66
Nestorius 15 12 533
Ockham, William of 4 11 245
Odoacer 9 5
886
Otto I Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 991 949
Pelagius 9 12 724
Petrarch 9 9
52 89
Philip Augustus of France 5
5 403
Philip II of France 5 5 367
Philip IV of France 5 5
304 567
Philip VI of France 5 5
548
Photius 15 12
567 763
Polo, Marco 9 6
127 423
Procopius 15 13 916
Richard I of England 4 5
272 614
Richard II of England 4
5 496
Rienzi, Cola di 9 5
839
Rudolph I Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 784
Saadia ben Joseph 15 13
830
Saladin 15 5
616
Sylvester II 5 12
679
Tamerlane 2 5
373 716
Theodoric 15 5
577 679
Thomas Aquinas, Saint 9
12 384 28
Wallace, William 4 15
957
William I of England 4 5
179 372
Wycliffe, John 4 12
224 242
Zeno E. Roman Emperor 15
5 859
Fifteenth Century
![]()
Cattell
Whipple
Name G C
Rank Rank
![]()
Alberti, Leon 9 1 598
Albuquerque, Alphonso 8
5 561
Alexander VI, Pope 9 12
195 747
Borgia, Cesare 9 5
918 873
Bosch, Hieronymus 3 1 535
Botticelli, Sandro 9 1 293
Bramante, Donato 9 1 350
Brunelleschi, Filippo 9
1 360
Charles d'Orléans 5 9
664
Charles the Bold 5 5
622 497
Charles VII of France 5
5 454 721
Charles VIII of France 5
5 951
Charlier, Jean 5 12
196
Columbus, Christopher 9
6 24 39
Donatello 9 1 200
Edward IV of England 4 5
854 719
Eyck, Jan van 3 1
239
Ferdinand II of Spain 8
5 857 343
Ferdinand V of Spain 8 5
412
Gama, Vasco da 8 6
597 766
Ghiberti, Lorenzo 9 1 496
Ghirlandaio, Domenico 9
1 621
Goes, Hugo van der 3 1 707
Guido di Pietro 9 1
860 458
Gutenberg, Johannes 6 4
231 387
Henry the Navigator 8 6
728
Henry IV of England 4 5
697 966
Henry V of England 4 5
618
Henry VI of England 4 5
526 436
Henry VII of England 4 5
683 838
Hus, Jan 7
12 122 391
Isabelle I of Spain 8 5
704 984
Jerome of Prague 7 12
731
Joan of Arc 5 12
118 224
Josquin de Prez 5 10 460
Kempis, Thomas à 3 12
450
Leonardo da Vinci 9 1
86 21
Louis XI of France 5 5
307 311
Mannucci, Aldo 9 7
623
Mantegna, Andrea 9 1
345
Margaret of Anjou 5 5
547
Massaccio, Thomaso 9 1 528
Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 344 499
Medici, Cosimo 9 5
815
Medici, Lorenzo 9 5
495 962
Mehmed II 15 5
519
Memling, Hans 3 1 973
Nicholas of Cusa 6 12 833
Philip II of Germany, Duke 6
5 383
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy 5
5 661
Piero Della Francesca 9
1 478
Pius II 9 12
465
Poggio Bracciolini, Gian 9
13 694
Politian 9 13
743
Richard III of England 4
5 821 711
Salisbury, R. Neville, Earl of 4
5 591
Savonarola, Girolamo 9
12 186 299
Schongauer, Martin 6 1 683
Sigismund of Luxemburg 7
5 666
Verrocchio, Andrea del 9
1 551
Vespucci, Amerigo 9 6
615 550
Villon, François 5 9 295
Warwick, R. Neville, Earl of 4
5 997
Weyden, Rogier van der 3
1 468
Sixteenth Century
![]()
Cattell
Whipple
Name G C
Rank Rank
![]()
Agrippa von Nettesheim, H. 5
13 959
Akbar, Djalal 14 5 425
Alba, Ferdinand, Duke of 8
5 569
Altdorfer, Albrecht 6 1 762
Andrea del Sarto 9 1
702
Ariosto, Ludovico 9 9
290 752
Arminius, Jacobus 3 12 428
Bacon, Francis 4 11
5 190
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de 8
6 909
Bayard, Pierre 5 15
430
Beaton, David 4 12
433
Bellarmine, Robert, Saint 9
12 791
Béza, Théodore 6 12
285
Bodin, Jean 5 11
699 920
Boleyn, Anne 4 5
637
Bonner, Edmund 4 12
811
Boris Godunov 13 5 739
Brahe, Tycho 3 14
507
Breughel, Pieter 3 1 199
Bruno, Giordano 9 11
655 806
Buchanan, George 4 13
617
Calvin, John 5 12
38 68
Camden, William 4 13
921
Camoes, Luis de 8 9
100 399
Campanella, Tommaso 9 11
446
Cardan, Geronimo 9 14
462
Casas, Bartolomé de las 8
12 617
Casaubon, Isaac 5 12
540
Catherine de Medici 5 5
911 616
Cecil, William, Baron Burghley 4
5 797
Cellini, Benvenuto 9 1
541 710
Charles IX of France 5
5 747
Charles V Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 22
Charles V of Germany 6 5
54
Cisneros, Francisco Ximenez de 8
12 824 740
Coligny, Gaspard II de 5
12 566 659
Copernicus, Nicholas 7
14 341 256
Correggio 9 1
806 327
Cortes, Hernan 8 6
219 247
Cranach, Lucas 6 1 342
Cranmer, Thomas 4 12
282 802
Cromwell, Thomas 4 5
663 961
Cujas, Jacques 5 8
757
Dolet, Étienne 5 7
940
Doria, Andrea 9 5
962
Drake, Francis 4
6 328 352
Durer, Albrecht 6 1
155 27
Elizabeth I of England 4
5 116 83
Erasmus, Desiderius 3 13
56 181
Essex, R. Devereaux, Earl of 4
5 506
Farel, Guillaume 5 5
950
Francis I of France 5 5
177 101
Gardiner, Stephen 4 12
761
Giorgione 9 1 301
Greco, el 8 1 61
Grey, Jane 4 5
670
Grunewald, Matthias 6 1 265
Guicciardini, Francesco 9
5 423
Gustavus I of Sweden 12 5
596 837
Henry II of France 5 5 794
681
Henry III of France 5 5
588 860
Henry IV of France 5 5
76 122
Henry VIII of England 4
5 70 79
Holbein, Hans the Younger 6
1 682 116
Hooker, Richard 4 12
882
Hospital, Michel de l' 5
5 421
Hutten, Ulrich von 6 5
524
Ignatius de Loyola, Saint 8
12 355 525
Ivan IV of Russia 13 5 450
John of Austria 6 5
626 851
Julius II, Pope 9 12 577
Knox, John 4 12
159 783
Lassus, Orlando di 6 10 555
Leo X, Pope 9 12
275 435
Louis XII of France 5 5
576 717
Luther, Martin 6 12
9 11
Machiavelli, Niccola 9 5
83 127
Magellan, Ferdinand 8 6
635 493
Malherbe, François de 5
9 573
Margaret of Angoulême 5
5 777
Mariana, Juan de 8 13
838
Marlowe, Christopher 4 9 675
Marot, Clement 5 9
605
Mary Stuart
4 5
37 136
Mary Tudor 4 5
574 827
Melanchthon, Philip 6 12
137 734
Michelangelo 9 1
28 14
Montaigne, Michel de 5 9 171
240
Montmerency-Bouteville, F. de 3
5 613
More, Thomas, Saint 4 5
106 370
Mornay, Philippe de 5 12
631
Murray, James Stuart, Earl of 4
5 790
Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van 3
5 949
Palestrina, Giovanni da 9
10 471 412
Palladio, Andrea 9 1 296
Paracelsus 6 14
553 522
Parker, Matthew 4 12
773
Philip II of Spain 8
5 85 41
Pizarro, Francisco 8 5
456 547
Pole, Reginald 4 12
913
Rabelais, François 5 9
121 87
Raleigh, Walter 4 5
129 258
Ramée, Pierre de la 5 11
640
Raphael 9 1
22 40
Reuchlin, Johannes 6 13
377
Ronsard, Pierre de 5 9
638 427
Scaliger, Joseph 9 13
461
Serveto, Miguel 8 12
642
Sidney, Philip 4 9
883 874
Sixtus V, Pope 9 12
840
Spenser, Edmund 4 9
262 203
Suleiman I 15 5
520 539
Sully, Maximilien 5 5
305 882
Tasso, Torquato 9 9
78 211
Teresa of Avila 8 12
888 354
Thou, Jacques de 5 5
417
Tintoretto 9
1 614 157
Titian 9 1
146 56
Vega Carpio, Fèlix de 8
9 232 90
Veronese, Paolo 9 1
775 252
Vesalius, Andreas 3 14 678
Vicente, Gil 8 9 899
Victoria, Thomas de 8 10 894
Vignola, Giacomo da 9 1 704
Whitegift, John 4 12
783
William I of Orange 3 5
302 552
Wolsey, Thomas 4 12
390 615
Zwingli, Huldreich 6 12
190 209
Seventeenth Century
![]()
Cattell
Whipple
Name G C Rank
Rank
![]()
Andrews, Lancelot 4 12
436
Arnauld, Antoine 5 12
447
Aurungzebe 14 5
732
Barrow, Isaac 4 14
871
Baxter, Richard 4 12 379
Bayle, Pierre 5 11
413
Beaumont, Francis 4 9
531
Bentley, Richard 4 13
185
Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar 6
5 985
Bernini, Gian 9 1 107
Blake, Robert 4 5
460
Boehme, Jakob 6 12
602
Boileau, Nicholas 5 9
804 402
Borromini, Francesco 9 1 511
Bossuet, Jacques 5 12
62 974
Boyle, Robert 4 14
354 308
Bruyère, Jean de la 5 9
562
Bunyan, John 4 12
488 945
Burnet, Gilbert 4 12
439
Calderon de la Barca, Pedro 8
9 348
195
Caravaggio 9 1 232
Cassini, Gian Domenico 5
14 770
Cervantes, Miguel de 8 9
163 49
Chaise, François de la 5
12 941
Champlain, Samuel de 5
6 760
Charles I of England 4 5
112 198
Charles II of England 4
5 310 218
Christine of Sweden 12 5
415
Clarendon, E. Hyde, Earl of 4
5 504 879
Clarke, Samuel 4 12
333
Claude Lorrain 5 1
879 506
Coke, Edward 4 8
728
Colbert, Jean 5 5
270 294
Comenius, Johann 7 3
676
Corneille, Pierre 5 9
120 145
Cowley, Abraham 4 9
964
Cromwell, Oliver 4 5
31 59
Cudworth, Ralph 4 11
568
Dampier, William 4 6
937
Descartes, Réne 5 11
23 23
Donne, John 4 9 570
Dryden, John 4 9
144 429
Dyck, Anthony van 3 1
162 276
Fairfax, Thomas
4 5
418
Fenelon, François 5 12
102 687
Fermat, Pierre de 5 14
894 725
Fischer von Erlach, Johann 6
1 651
Fontaine, Jean de la 5 9
161 357
Fontenelle, Bernard de 5
9 539
Fouquet, Nicholas 5 5
756
Francis of Sales 5 12 870
Francke, August 6 12
808
Frederick William 6 5 682
Fuller, Thomas 4 9
720
Galileo Galilei 9 14
46 54
Gassendi, Pierre 5 11
218
Gongora, Luis de 8 9 461
Gracian, Baltasar 8 9 746
Grotius, Hugo 3 8
125 857
Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden 12 5
277 189
Guyon, J. Bouvier de la Mothe 5
12 599
Halifax, C. Montague, Earl of 4
5 831
Hals, Frans 3
1 305
Hampden, John 4 5
565
Harvey, William 4 14
227
Herbert, Eduard 4 12
836
Herrick, Robert 4 9 919
Hobbes, Thomas 4
11 63 151
Huet, Pierre 5 11
865
Huygens, Christian 3 14
306 347
James I of England 4 5
140 330
James II of Britain 4 5
211 848
Jansen, Cornelius 3 12
392 768
Jeffreys, George, Baron 4
8 760
John III Sobieski of Poland 7
5 825
Jones, Inigo 4 1 823
Jonson, Ben 4 9
207 513
Jordaens, Jacob 3 1 672
Kepler, Johannes 6 14
157 443
Laud, William 4 12
930
Leibnitz, Gottfried 6 11
34 47
Leighton, Robert 4 12
805
Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 370
Locke, John 4 11
35 138
Louis II de Bourbon 5 5
206 658
Louis XIII of France 5 5
432 433
Louis XIV of France 5 5
66 15
Lully, Jean-Baptiste 5
10 933
Mabillon, Jean 5 13
765
Maintenon, Françoise 5 5
281
Malebranche, Nicholas de 5
11 295
Mansart, Jules 5 1 813
Marie de Medici 5 5
915
Mazarin, Jules 5 5
114 297
Menage, Gilles 5 13
788
Middleton, Thomas 4 9
667
Milton, John
4 9
16 48
Molière, Jean-Baptiste 5
9 39 44
Monk, G., Duke of Albermarle 4
5 317
Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of 4
5 609
Montecuccoli, Raimundo 9
5 653
Monteverdi, Claudio 9 10 246
Murillo, Bartolomé 8 1
386 531
Napier, John 4 14
172
Newton, Isaac 4 14
14 42
Nicole, Pierre 5 12
907
Owen, John 4 5
796
Oxenstierna, Axel 12 5
762
Pascal, Blaise 5 14
61 159
Penn, William 4 6
26 742
Poussin, Nicholas 5 1
358 226
Prior, Matthew 4 9
787
Pufendorf, Samuel von 7
13 570
Purcell, Henry 4 10 526
Pym, John 4 5
845
Racine, Jean 5 9
74 96
Ray, John 4 14
868
Regnard, Jean-François 5
9 715
Rembrandt van Rijn 3 1
168 25
Reni, Guido 9 1
758
Retz, Jean 5 12
375
Ribera, José 8 1 921
Richelieu, Armande de 5
5 139 81
Rochefoucauld, F., Duke of 5
9 621
Rohan, Henri de 6 9
983
Rosa, Salvator 9 1
685
Rotrou, Jean de 5 9
975
Rubens, Peter Paul 3 1
91 35
Russell, William, Lord 4
5 976
Sarpi, Pietro 9 13
426
Saumaise, Claude de 5 13
672
Schutz, Heinrich 6 10 650
Selden, John 4 13
525
Sévigné, Marie, Marquis of 5
9 222
Shaftesbury, A. Cooper, Earl 4
5 365
Shakespeare, William 4 9
2 1
Sidney, Algernon 4 5
671
Somers, John 4 5
872
Spinoza, Baruch 3 11
108 78
Strafford, T. Wentworth, Earl 4
5 213
Taylor, Jeremy 4 12
680
Tellier, François le 5 5
829
Temple, William 4 5
470
Teniers, David 3 1
820
Tirso de Molina 8 9 449
Tour, Georges de la 5 1 944
Tour, Henri de la 5 5
360
Vane, Henry 4 5
735
Vauban, Sebastian 5 5
411
Velázquez, Diego 8 1
265 36
Vermeer, Jan 3 1 175
Vincent de Paul, Saint 5
12 937
Wallenstein, Albrecht 7
5 153 414
Waller, Edmund 4 9
908
William III of England 4
5 257 515
Witt, Jan de 3 5
505 579
Wren, Christopher 4 1
874 498
Zurbaran, Francisco de 8
1 520
Eighteenth Century
![]()
Cattell
Whipple
Name G C
Rank Rank
![]()
***
Adams, John 17 5
182 456
Adanson, Michael 5 14
628
Addison, Joseph 4 9
71
Aguesseau, Henri d' 5 8
532
Akenside, Mark 4
9 951
Alberoni, Giulio 8 5
148
Alembert, Jean le Rond d' 5
14 124 504
Alfieri, Vittorio 9 9
225 939
Ali-Weli-Zade 7 5
351
Anderson, John 4
4 572
Andrieux, François 5 9
713
Anne of England 4 5
748
Arbuthnot, John 4 9
936
Arkwright, Richard 4 4
873
Armstrong, John 4 9 922
Atterbury, Francis 4 12
246
Auber,Esprit 5 10
938
Babeuf, François-Noel 5
15 1,000
Bach, Johann Sebastian 6
10 475 9
Baggesen, Jens 3 9
987
Bailly, Jean Sylvain 5
14 407
Banks, Joseph 4 6
898
Barras, Paul 5 5
658
Barrère de Vieusac, Bertrand 5
15 578
Barry, James 4 1
972
Barthez, Paul-Joseph 5
14 889
Beaumarchais, Pierre August 5
9 325 487
Bentham, Jeremy 4 11
327 512
Berkeley, George 4 11
279 733
Berthollet, Claude 5 14
669
Bichat, Marie 5 14
397
Blake, William 4 9 334
Blucher, Gebhard 6 5
342
Boerhaave, Hermann 3 14
368
Bolingbroke, Henry 4 5
115
Bonnet, Charles 6 14
737
Buffon, G. Leclerc, Count of 5
14 192 542
Burke, Edmund 4 5
12 261
Burns, Robert 4 9
92 633
Butler, Joseph 4 12
619
Cabanis, Pierre 5 11
753
Cagliastro, Alessandro 9
17 867
Canova, Antonio 9 1
245
Casanova, Giacomo 9 9
814
Catherine II of Russia 13
5 205 105
Cavendish, Henry 4 14 611
Chamfort, Sebastie-Roch 5
9 958
Charles VI Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 853
Charles XII of Sweden 12
5 156 257
Chasseboeuf, Constantin 5
13 785
Chatterton, Thomas 4 9
291
Chénier, André 5 9
689
Cherubini, Luigi 9 10
629
Clive, Robert 4 5
167 696
Cobbett, William 4 7
406
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 4
9 283 349
Condillac, Étienne de 5
11 151 936
Condorcet, M. de Caritat, Marq. 5
14 288 537
Cook, James 4 6
188 371
Cornwallis, Charles 4 5 983
Cowper, William 4 9
463
Danton, Georges 5 5
297 434
David, Jacques 5 1
802 248
Defoe, Daniel 4 9
268 282
Delambre, Jean-Baptiste 5
14 902
Delille, Jacques 5 9
627
Desaix de Veygoux, Louis 5
5 651
Desmoulins, Camille 5 15
502
Diderot, Denis 5 13
169 156
Dolomieu, Dieudonne de 5
14 943
Dumouriez, Charles 5 5
385
Dupuytren, Guillaume 5
14 946
Erskine, Thomas, Baron 4
8 593
Eugène of Savoy 6 5
309 737
Euler, Leonhard 6
14 512 369
Fayette, Marie Joseph la 5
5 215 426
Ferdinand I of Sicily 9
5 988
Fichte, Johann 6 11
150 168
Fielding, Henry 4 9
251 324
Flaxman, John 4 1
754
Fouché, Joseph 5 5
260 832
Fox, Charles 4 5
73 715
Fragonard, Jean 5 1 954
Francis II Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 942 701
Franklin, Benjamin 17 5
45 102
Frederick II of Prussia 6
5 49 67
Frederick William II of Prussia 6
5 955
Fréret, Nicholas 5 13
745
Fulton, Robert
17 4
710
Gainsborough, Thomas 4 1 401
Gall, Franz 7 14
529
Garat, Dominique 5 5
960
Garrick, David 4 16
712
Gay, John 4
9 752
Genlis, Stephanie 5 9
503
George I of England 4 5
478 969
George II of England 4 5
558
George III of England 4
5 87 437
Gibbon, Edward 4
13 60 925
Ginguene, Pierre 5 9
714
Gluck, Christoph 6 10
485 463
Godoy Alvarez de Faria, Manuel 8
5 707
Godwin, William 4 11
851
Goldoni, Carlo
9 9
530 601
Goldsmith, Oliver 4 9
193 610
Goya, Francisco 8 1 52
Grattan, Henry 4 5
652
Gray, Thomas 4 9
644
Gregoire, Henri 5 12
939
Grey, Charles, Earl 4 5
369
Grimm, Friedrich von 6 9
945
Guardi, Francesco 9 1 908
Gustavus III of Sweden 12
5 624
Hahnemann, Christian 6
14 841
Haller, Albrecht von 7
14 253
Halley, Edmond 4 14
594 998
Hamilton, Alexander 17 5
216
Handel, George Frederick 4
10 261 97
Harpe, Frederic de la 6
5 912
Hastings, Warren 4 5
269 963
Haüy, René-Just 5 14
687
Haydn, Franz Joseph 6 10
300 129
Helvetius, Claude 5 11
467
Henault, Charles 5 13
887
Henry, Patrick 17 15
709
Herder, Johann 6 11
264 444
Herschel, William 4 14
77 517
Heyne, Christian 6 13
965
Hoche, Lazare 5 5
828
Hogarth, William 4 1
395 500
Holberg, Ludvig 12 9
695
Houdon, Jean 5 1 741
Hume, David 4 11
58 110
Hunter, John 4 14
141
Irving, Edward 4 12
826
Jacobi, Friedrich 6 11
545
Jefferson, Thomas 17 5
79 93
Jenner, Edward 4 14
381
Johnson, Samuel 4 9
47 413
Jones, William 4 13
795
Joseph II Holy Roman Emperor 6
5 409 329
Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste 5
5 575
Kant, Immanuel 6 11 33
20
Kléber, Jean Baptiste 5
5 763
Klopstock, Friedrich 6 9
313 972
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 7 15
778
Lacépède, Bernard de 5
14 766
Lacretelle, Pierre-Louis de 5
7 932
Lagrange, Joseph de 5 14
263 540
Lalande, Joseph 5 14
771
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste 5
14 681 279
Lannes, Jean 5 5
810
Laplace, Pierre Simon de 5
14 233 273
Lavater, Johann 6 17
544
Lavoisier, Antoine 5 14
393 130
Law, John 4 2
280 947
Lesage, Alain 5 9
352 566
Lessing, Gotthold
6 9
149 84
Linnaeus, Carl 12 14
128 322
Livingston, Edward 17 8
835
Lomonosov, Mikhail 13 14 764
Louis XV of France 5 5
198 251
Louis XVI of France 5 5
68 82
Macpherson, James 4 9
993
Malesherbe, Chrétien de 5
5 666
Marat, Jean 5 5
422 534
Maria Theresa 6 5
336 174
Marie Antoinette 5 5
356 759
Marivaux, Pierre 5 9
973
Marlborough, Duke of 4 5
187 574
Marmontel, Jean 5 9
677
Martinez de la Rosa, F. 8
9 966
Masséna, André 5 5
374
Massillon, Jean-Baptiste 5
12 607
Maupertius, Pierre de 5
14 598
Metastasio, Pietro 9 9
419
Michaelis, Johan 7 13
518
Mirabeau, Honoré 5 5
55 382
Monge, Gaspard 5 14
521
Montesquieu, C., Baron of 5
9 308 166
Moreau, Jean 5 5
329
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 6
10 93 7
Nader Shah Afshar 15 5
816
Necker, Jacques 6 5
235 668
Nelson, Horatio 4 5
69 270
Novalis 6 9 636
Oken, Lorenz 6
14 789
Orléans, L. Philippe, Duke of 5
5 818
Orléans, Philippe, Duke of 5
5 643
Paine, Thomas 17 15
583 578
Paley, William 4 12
656
Paoli, Hyacinthe 9 15
978
Paul I of Russia 13 5
934 897
Pestalozzi, Johann 6 3
861 671
Peter I of Russia 13 5
126 51
Philip V of Spain 8 5
611 445
Pichegru, Jean-Charles 5
5 812
Pitt, William the Elder 4
5 105 476
Pitt, William the Younger 4
5 18 244
Pius VI, Pope 9 12
452
Pombal, Sebastio 8 5 794
Pompadour, Madame de 5 5
691
Pope, Alexander 4 9
82 154
Potemkin, Grigorii 13 5 603
Prevost, Antoine 5 9 840
Priestley, Joseph 4 14 338
791
Rameau, Jean-Philippe 5
10 769 847
Reid, Thomas 4 11
514
Reynolds, Joshua 4 1
440 677
Richardson, Samuel 4 9
905 472
Richelieu, Louis de 5 5
451
Robertson, William 4 13
472
Robespierre, Maximilien de 5
5 48 120
Roland, Jeanne-Marie 5 5
587
Romilly, Samuel 4 8
980
Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste 5
9 537
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 5
11 43 24
Royer-Collard, Pierre 5
11 646
Rumford, Benjamin 4 14
571 905
Sade, Donatien de, Marquis de 5
9 979
Saint-Just, Louis 5 15
928
Saint-Pierre, Jacques de 5
9 589
Saint-Simon, Louis, Duke of 5
15 543
Saxe, Maurice, Count of 5
5 676
Schiller, Friedrich von 6
9 75 17
Scribe, Augustin 5
9 833
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 4
9 361
Sieyes, Emmanuel 5 5
632 779
Smith, Adam 4 14
318 291
Smollett, Tobias 4 9
749 805
Stanhope, P. Dormer, Earl of 4
5 492
Stanislaw I Leszczynski 7
5 881
Steele, Richard 4 9
641
Sterne, Laurence 4 9
665 585
Stewart, Charles Edward 4
5 799
Stewart, Dugald
4 11
767
Struensee, Johann, Count of 3
5 723
Suvorov, Aleksandr 13 5
564
Swedenborg, Emanuel 12 12
84 545
Swift, Jonathan 4 9
64 144
Talleyrand, Charles de 5
5 101 180
Tallien, Jean 5 15
920
Thorwaldsen, Bertel 3 1
724
Tieck, Johann 6 9
435 607
Tiepolo, Giovanni 9 1 313
Tipoo Sahib 14 5
863
Turgot, Anne 5 14
293 486
Vergniaud, Pierre 5 5
429
Vernet, Horace 5 1
718
Vico, Giambattista 9 11
668 731
Villars, Claude, Duke of 5
5 466
Vivaldi, Antonio 9 10 713
Volta, Alessandro 9 14
684
Voltaire 5 9
4 30
Voss, Johann 6 9
550
Walpole, Horace 4 9
633
Walpole, Robert 4 5
394 462
Warburton, William 4 12
499
Washington, George 17 5
19 69
Watt, James 4 4
255 546
Watteau, Jean 5 1 206
Wellesley, Richard 4 5
717
Wesley, John 4 12
357 609
Whiston, William 4 12
686
Whitefield, George 4 12
817
Wieland, Christoph 6 9
278 691
Wilkes, John 4 5
401
Winckelmann, Johann 6 14
359
Wolf, Christian von 6 14
556
Wolf, Friedrich August 6
13 480
Zinzendorf, Nikolaus von 6
12 899
Nineteenth Century
![]()
Cattell
Whipple
Name G C
Rank Rank
![]()
Adams, John Quincy 17 5
483
Agassiz, Louis 17 14
388
Albert, Prince 4 5
952
Alexander I of Russia 13
5 197 280
Alexander II of Russia 13
5 335 318
Alexander III of Russia 13
5 834
Ampère, Andrè 5 14
557 652
Andersen, Hans Christian 12
9 409
Annunzio, Gabriele d' 9
9 852
Arago, François 5 14
259
Arndt, Ernest 6 15
744
Arrhenius, Svante 12 14 819
Audubon, John 17 1
961
Augereau, Pierre 5 5
729
Austen, Jane 4 9 583
Avogadro, Amedeo 9 14 849
Bakunin, Mikhail 13 15 869
Balzac, Honoré de 5 9
448 60
Baudelaire, Charles 5 9 214
Beauharnais, Eugene de 5
5 533
Beauharnais, Joséphine 5
5 339
Beethoven, Ludwig van 6
10 220 8
Belinski, Vissarion 13 9 964
Bell, Charles 4 14
850
Béranger, Pierre 5 9
323
Berlioz, Hector 5
10 237
Bernard, Claude 5 14 454
Berzelius, Jons 12 14
424 630
Bismarck, Otto von 6 5 64
Bizet, Georges 5 10 684
Bjornson, Bjornstjerne 12
9 422
Bolivar, Simon 18 5
349 172
Boltzmann, Ludwig 6 14 647
Bonaparte, Jerome 5 5
657
Bonaparte, Joseph 9 5
132
Bonaparte, Louis 9 5
490
Bonaparte, Lucien 9 5
221
Bopp, Franz 6 13
979
Brahms, Johannes 6 10 118
Brentano, Franz 6 11 990
Bright, John 4 5
366
Bronte, Charlotte/Emily/Anne 4
9 730
Brougham, Henry, Baron 4
8 194
Brown, Thomas 4 11
893
Broun-Ramsay, James 4 5
563
Browning, Robert 4 9 544
Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, T. 5
5 996
Bunsen, Christian, Baron 6
5 266
Byron, George Gordon, Lord 4
9 30 170
Candolle, Augustin de 6
14 469
Canning, George 4 5
212 591
Carlyle, Thomas 4 13
103 259
Carnot, Lazare 5 5
345 638
Castlereagh, R. Stewart, Vis. 4
5 538 608
Cauchy, Augustin 5
14 697
Cavaignac, Louis-Eugène 5
5 662
Cavour, Camillo Benso di 9
5 191 196
Cézanne, Paul 5 1 137
Chalmers, Thomas 4 12
298
Chamberlain, Joseph 4 5 559
Champollion, Jacques-Joseph 5
13 630 891
Channing, Walter 17 12
334
Charles X of France 5 5
226 903
Charles XIV of Sweden 12
5 311
777
Chateaubriand, François de 5
9 109 160
Chekhov, Anton 13 9 73
Chopin, Frederic 7 10 179
Churchill, Randolph 4 5
792
Clarendon, G. Villiers, Earl of 4
5 678
Clausewitz, Karl von 6 5 994
Clausius, Rudolf 6 14 910
Clay, Henry 17 5
649
Cleveland, Grover 17 5 495
Cobden, Richard 4 5
276 771
Comte, Auguste 5 11
95 215
Constable, John 4 1 798
Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin 5
9 376
Cooper, James Fenimore 17
9 534
604
Cornelius, Peter von 6 1
625
Corot, Jean Baptiste 5 1 466
Courbet, Gustave 5 1 356
Courier, Paul-Louis 5 9
600
Cousin, Victor 5
11 96
Curie, Marie/Pierre 5 14 319
Cuvier, Georges 5 14
97 169
Darwin, Charles 4 14
113 99
Daumier, Honoré 5 1 283
Davy, Humphrey 4 14
203
Déak, Ferenc 7 5
844
Decazes, Elie 5 5
891
Degas, Edgar 5 1 315
Delacroix, Eugene 5 1
852 205
Derby, Edward Stanley, Earl of 4
5 396
Diaz, Porfirio 18 5 635
Dickens, Charles 4 9
152 72
Dilthey, Wilhelm 6 11 902
Disraeli, Benjamin 4 5
143 133
Donizetti, Gaetano 9 10
800
Dostoievski, Fedor 13 9 70
Doyle, Arthur Conan 4 9 971
Dumas, Alexandre 5 9
444 421
Dumont d'Urville, Jules 5
6 711
Dundonald, T. Cochrane, Earl of 4
5 862
Dupin, André 5 5
479
Durkheim, Émile 5 14 359
Dvorak, Antonin 7 10 557
Edison, Thomas Alva 17 4 420
Eliot, George 4 9
719 484
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 17
15 408 527
Enfantin, Barthelemy 5 5
999
Engels, Friedrich 6 11
53
Espartero, Baldomero 8 5
890
Étienne, Charles G. 5 9
239
Eugenie-Hortense de Beauharnais 5
5 968
Faraday, Michael 4 14
330 785
Farragut, David 17 5
482
Fauriel, Claude-Charles 5
13 998
Ferdinand VII of Spain 8
5 510 339
Feuerbach, Ludwig 6 11
948 735
Fischer, Emil 6 14
1,000
Flaubert, Gustave 5 9
153
Fourier, François 5 15
647 923
France, Anatole 5 9 377
Franck, César 5 10 982
Franklin, John 4 6
442
Franz Joseph I of Austria 6
5 470
Frederick William III of Prussia 6 5
399 996
Froebel, Friedrich 6 3 856
Gallatin, Albert 17 5
755
Galton, Francis 4 14 932
Gambetta, Leon 5 5
515
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 9 5
234 135
Garrison, William Lloyd 17
15 592
Gaskell, Elizabeth 4 9
582
Gauguin, Paul 5 1
231
Gauss, Carl Friedrich 6
14 848 417
Gautier, Théophile 5 9 820
Gay-Lussac, Joseph 5 14
248 524
Gentz, Friedrich von 6
11 843
Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, Étienne 5
14 481
George, Stefan 6 9 914
George IV of England 4 5
252
Gerando, Marie Joseph de 5
11 956
Gericault, Theodore 5 1 569
Gioberti, Vincenzo 9
11 650
Gladstone, William 4 5 114
Goethe, Johann von 6 9
7 4
Gogh, Vincent van 3 1 128
Gogol, Nikolai 13 9 178
Goncourt, Edmund/Jules 5
9 523
Gounod, Charles 5 10 887
Gouvion St. Cyr, Laurent de 5
5 497
Grant, Ulysses S. 17 5
111 624
Grieg, Edvard 12 10
597
Grillparzer, Franz 6 9 605
Grimm, Jacob/Wilhelm 6 9
489 373
Grote, George 4 13
486
Grouchy, Emmanuel de 5 5
807
Guizot, François 5 5
59 933
Gustavus IV Adolphus of Sweden 12
5 846
Haeckel, Ernst 6 14 649
Hall, Robert 4 12
746
Hamilton, William 4 11
363
Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von 6
13 801
Hardy, Thomas 4 9 362
Hauptmann, Gerhart 6 9 186
Hauser, Kaspar 6 17
954
Hawthorne, Nathaniel 17 9
527 309
Hegel, Georg 6
11 51 43
Heine, Heinrich 6 9
353 132
Helmholtz, Hermann von 6
14 438
Herbart, Johann 6 11
584
Herschel, John 4 14
692
Hertz, Heinrich 6 14 784
Herzen, Aleksandr 13 15 453
Hoffmann, Ernst 6 9
603 927
Hokusai, Katsushika 2 1 953
Holderlin, Friedrich 6 9 407
Hook, Theodore 4 9
604
Hopkins, Gerard Manley 4
9 736
Howard, G., Earl of Carlisle 4
5 513
Hugo, Victor 5 9
142 31
Humboldt, Alexander von 6
14 94 430
Humboldt, Wilhelm von 6
5 380 425
Huskisson, William 4 5
559
Huxley, Thomas 4 14 797
Ibsen, Henrik 12 9 95
Ingres, Jean 5 1
590 271
Irving, Washington 17 9
371 654
Isabelle II of Spain 8 5 693
Iturbide, Agustin de 18 5 816
Jackson, Andrew 17 5
244 284
James, Henry 17 9 395
James, William 17 11 465
Jaures, Jean 5 5 918
Jeffrey, Francis 4 8
923
Jouffroy, Théodore-Simon 5
11 736
Juarez Garcia, Benito 18
5 374
Kapodistrias, Ioannis 7
5 924
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von 6
1 693
Keats, John 4 9
849 267
Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord 4
14 989 774
Kierkegaard, Soren 12 11 142
Kipling, Rudyard 4 9 618
Kitchener, Horatio 4 5 810
Kleist, Heinrich von 6
9 727
Koch, Robert 6 14 596
Kossuth, Lajos 7 5 573
Kotzebue, August von 6 9
474
Kropotkin, Petr 13 15 977
Krüdener, Barbara von 13
12 877
Kruger, Paulus 1 5 885
Kutuzov, Mikhail 13 5 722
Lacordaire, Jean-Baptiste 5
12 776
Lafitte, Jacques 5 2
793
Lamartine, Alphonse de 5
9 131 92
Lamb, Charles 4 9 812
Lamennais, Hughes de 5
12 274 695
Lassalle, Ferdinand 6 15 975
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre 5
5 516
Lee, Robert E. 17 5
585
Leo XIII, Pope 9 12 351
Leopardi, Giacomo 9 9
494 753
Lermontov, Mikhail 13 9 340
Liebig, Justus von 6
14 382
Lincoln, Abraham 17 5
40 150
Liszt, Franz 7 10 163
Livingstone, David 4 6 358
Lobachevskii, Nikolai 13
14 841
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 17
9 303 572
Lorentz, Hendrik 3 14 773
Louis XVIII of France 5
5 166 581
Louis-Philippe I of France 5
5 41 510
Lyell, Charles 4
14 768
Lytton, Edward Bulwer-, Baron 4
9 247
Macaulay, Thomas 4 13
90
Macdonald, Étienne 5 5
674
Mach, Ernst 6 14 938
Mackintosh, James 4 13
551
Madison, James 17 5
476 571
Mahler, Gustav 6 10 307
Mahmud 15 5
509
Mai, Angelo 9 12
970
Maistre, Joseph de 5 11
866 845
Mallarme, Stéphane 5 9 663
Malthus, Thomas 4 14
869 397
Manet, Édouard 5 1 234
Manzoni, Allesandro 9 9 702
Marconi, Guglielmo 9 4 720
Marmont, Auguste 5 5
174
Marti, José 18 15 778
Martineau, Harriet 4 9
892
Marx, Karl 6 11
3
Maupassant, Guy de 5 9 712
Maury, Matthew 17 14
659
Maximilian of Mexico 18 5 530
Maxwell, James Clerk 4
14 388
Mazzini, Giuseppe 9
15 287 281
Mehemet Ali 1 5
389
Melville, Herman 17 9 164
Mendel, Gregor 6 14 440
Mendeleev, Dmitri 13 14 489
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix 6
10 404 272
Mérimée, Prosper 5 9 796
Metternich, Clemens 6 5
271 103
Meyerbeer, Giacomo 6 10
639
Michelet, Jules 5 13 612
Mickiewicz, Adam 7 9
823 553
Mill, John Stuart 4 11
180 262
Miller, Hugh 4 14
696
Moltke, Helmut von 6 5 589
Mommsen, Theodor 6
13 839
Monet, Claude 5 1 222
Monroe, James 17 5
847 673
Montalembert, Charles de 5
5 981 993
Moore, Thomas 4 9
332
Morris, William 4 1 365
Morse, Samuel 17 4 854
Müller, Johannes 6 14
884
Munch, Edvard 12 1 804
Murat, Joachim 5 5
286 708
Musset, Alfred de 5 9
464 477
Mussorgsky, Modest 13 10 287
Nansen, Fridtjof 12 6 479
Napoléon I 5 5
1 2
Napoléon III 5 5
11 63
Newman, John Henry 4 12
722 587
Ney, Michel 5 5
319
Nicholas I of Russia 13 5
178 396
Niebuhr, Barthold 6 13
250
Nietzsche, Friedrich 6
11 91
Nightingale, Florence 4
14 863
Nodier, Charles 5 9
876
O'Connell, Daniel 4 5
438 612
Oehlenschlager, Adam 12 9
698
Oersted, Hans 12 14
523
Oudinot, Nicholas 5 5
834
Owen, Robert 4 15
926 948
Palmerston, H. Temple, Viscount 4
5 130 392
Parnell, Charles 4
5 825
Pasteur, Louis 5 14 126
Peel, Robert 4 5
176 562
Péguy, Charles 5 9 781
Peirce, Charles Sanders 17
11 664
Pius IX, Pope 9 12
104 405
Pius VII, Pope 9 12
493 508
Plekhanov, Georgii 13 11 692
Poe, Edgar Allan 17 9 243
Poincaré, Henri 5
14 906
Prescott, William 17 13
321
Proudhon, Pierre 5 15
742 480
Puccini, Giacomo 9 10 576
Pushkin, Aleksandr 13 9
727 62
Quinet, Edgar 5 9
875
Ranke, Leopold von 6 13
580 751
Raspail, François 5 14
988
Renan, Ernest 5 13
455 907
Renoir, Pierre Auguste 5
1 266
Rhodes, Cecil 4 2 808
Ricardo, David 4 14 451
Richter, Johann 6 9
549
Riemann, Bernard 6 14 442
Rimbaud, Arthur 5 9 485
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai 13
10 590
Rockefeller, John D. 17 2 886
Rodin, Auguste 5 1 147
Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio 9
12 900
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel 4
9 821
Rossini, Gioacchino 9 10
326 277
Ruskin, John 4 9 538
Russell, John, Earl 4 5
410
Sacy, Antoine 5 13
654
Sainte-Beuve, Charles 5
9 378
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri 5
15 400 390
Salisbury, R., Marquis of 4
5 637
Sand, George 5 9
173 383
Santa Anna, Antonio de 18
5 674
Schelling, Friedrich von 6
11 154 219
Schlegel, August von 6 9
705 706
Schlegel, Friedrich von 6
9 837 665
Schleiermacher, Friedrich 6
12 254 956
Schliemann, Heinrich 6
14 795
Schopenhauer, Arthur 6
11 229
Schubert, Franz 6 10 88
Schumann, Robert 6 10 119
Scott, Walter 4
9 27 316
Seurat, Georges 5 1 700
Seward, William 17 5
441
Shaw, George Bernard 4 9 109
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 4
9 111
Sheridan, Philip 17 5
779
Sherman, William Tecumseh 17
5 398
Sismondi, Jean 6 14
925
Soult, Jean 5 5
343
Southey, Robert 4 9
520
Spencer, Herbert
4 11 622
Spontini, Gaspare 9 10
929
Staël, Anne Necker, Madame de 5
9 164 254
Stanislavsky, Constantin 13
16 561
Stanley, Henry 4 6 703
Stein, Heinrich 6 5
827 980
Stendahl 5 9 171
Stephenson, George 4 4 644
Stevenson, Robert Louis 4
9 619
Strauss, Johann 6
10 473
Strindberg, August 12 9 125
Suchet, Louis-Gabriel 5
5 977
Sue, Eugene 5 9
971
Sullivan, Louis 17 1 930
Sumner, Charles 17
5 772
Swinburne, Algernon 4 9 667
Tagore, Rabindranath 14 9 191
Taine, Hippolyte 5 9 835
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich 13
10 212
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 4
9 133 289
Thackeray, William Makepeace 4
9 340 385
Thierry, Jacques‑Nicholas 5
13 900
Thiers, Louis 5 5
65 376
Thoreau, Henry David 17
15 705
Tocqueville, Alexis Clerrel de 5
5 780 558
Tolstoy, Leo 13 9 10
Tonnies, Ferdinand 6 14 850
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 5
1 328
Trollope, Anthony 4 9 909
Tsiokovski, Konstantin 13
14 767
Turgenev, Ivan 13 9 57
Turner, Joseph 4 1 389
Twain, Mark 17
9 146
Verdi, Giuseppe 9 10 94
Verlaine, Paul 5 9 333
Verne, Jules 5 9 626
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 9
5 320 532
Victoria of England 4 5 134
Vigny, Alfred de 5 9
660 488
Villemain, Abel François 5
13 528
Virchow, Rudolf 6 14 799
Wagner, Richard 6 10
337 19
Weber, Carl Maria von 6
10 362 346
Webster, Daniel 17 5
183
Wellington, Duke of 4 5
21 140
Wells, H.G. 4 9 772
Whistler, James 4 1 467
Whitman, Walt 17 9 176
Wilberforce, William 4 5
434
Wilde, Oscar 4 9 298
William I of Prussia 6 5
249 657
William II of Prussia 6
5 505
William IV of England 4
5 636
Wordsworth, William 4 9
67 104
Zola, Émile 5 9 113
Twentieth Century
![]()
Cattell Whipple
Name G C
Rank Rank
![]()
Adenauer, Konrad 6 5 220
Adler, Alfred 6 14 756
Adorno, Theodor 6 11 754
Alexander of Tunis 4 5 864
Alfonso XIII of Spain 8
5 748
Allende, Salvador 18 5 968
Asquith, Herbert 4 5 926
Ataturk, Kemal 15 5 225
Barth, Karl 6 12 386
Bartók, Béla 7 10 304
Ben Gurion, David 15 5 942
Benes, Edvard 7 5 744
Berg, Alban 6 10 694
Bergson, Henri 5 11 312
Bevan, Aneurin 4 5 960
Blok, Aleksandr 13 9 868
Bohr, Niels 12 14 418
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 6
12 862
Bourdelle, Antoine 5 1 959
Brancusi, Constantin 7 1 787
Braque, Georges 5
1 732
Braun, Wernher von 6 14 394
Brecht, Bertolt 6 9 121
Britten, Benjamin 4 10 560
Buber, Martin 6 12 714
Bulganin, Nikolai 13 5 911
Camus, Albert 5 9 201
Chamberlain, Arthur Neville 4
5 758
Chaplin, Charlie 4 16 263
Chiang Kai-Shek 2
5 216
Chirico, Giorgio de 9 1 602
Chou En-Lai 2 5 404
Churchill, Winston 4 5 77
Claudel, Paul 5 9 408
Clemenceau, Georges 5 5 303
Colette, Sidonie 5 9 916
Conrad, Joseph 4 9 403
Corbusier, le 6 1 155
Croce, Benedetto 9
11 384
Curzon of Kedleston, George 4
5 698
Debussy, Claude 5 10 182
Dewey, John 17 11 482
Diaghilev, Sergei 13 16 595
Dimitrov, Georgii 7 5 613
Disney, Walt 17 16 986
Dreiser, Theodore 17 9 431
Dulles, John Foster 17 5 846
Ehrenburg, Ilya 13
9 867
Eichmann, Adolf 6 5 965
Einstein, Albert 6 14 45
Eisenhower, Dwight 17 5 108
Eisenstein, Sergei 13 16 464
Eliot, Thomas Stearns 4
9 50
Eluard, Paul 5 9 866
Falla, Manuel de 8 10 928
Faulkner, William 17 9 250
Fermi, Enrico 9
14 410
Feuchtwanger, Lion 6 9 643
Fleming, Alexander 4 14 723
Ford, Henry 17 4 594
Franco, Francisco 8 5
227
Freud, Sigmund 6 14 34
Galsworthy, John 4 9 957
Gandhi, Mohandas 14 5 131
Garcia Lorca, Federico 8
9 353
Gasperi, Alcide de 9
5 931
Gaudi, Antonio 8 1 623
Gaulle, Charles de 5 5 58
Gide, André 5 9 323
Giraudoux, Jean 5 9
941
Gorki, Maksim 13 9 177
Gottwald, Klement 7 5 789
Gramsci, Antonio 9 5 685
Gropius, Walter 6 1 447
Haile Selassie 1
5 967
Hamsun, Knut 12 9 955
Heidegger, Martin 6 11 183
Heisenberg, Werner 6 14 738
Hemingway, Ernest 17 9
161
Herriot, Édouard 5 5 875
Hesse, Hermann 6 9 494
Hindemith, Paul 6 10 398
Hindenberg, Paul von 6 5 536
Hitler, Adolf 6 5 6
Ho Chi Minh 2 5 355
Hofmannstahl, Hugo von 6
9 881
Horthy de Nagybanya, Nikolaus 7
5 769
Husserl, Edmund 6 11
393
Huxley, Aldous 4 9 807
Huxley, Julian 4 14 989
Inonu, Mustafa 15 5 625
Jaspers, Karl 6 11 364
John XXIII, Pope
9 12 275
Johnson, Lyndon 17 5 184
Joliot-Curie, Jean 5 14 824
Joyce, James 4 9 167
Jung, Carl 6 14
310
Kafka, Franz 6 9 194
Kandinsky, Vasili 13 1 575
Kazantzakis, Nikos 7 9 950
Kennedy, John 17 5 71
Kenyatta, Jomo
1 5 818
Keynes, John Maynard 4
14 193
Khrushchev, Nikita 13 5 204
Klee, Paul 6 1 639
Kollwitz, Kathé 6 1
987
Konev, Ivan 13 5 872
Kosygin, Aleksei 13 5 776
Lang, Fritz 6 16 814
Laval, Pierre 5 5 890
Lawrence, D.H.
4 9 439
Lenin, Vladimir 13 5 5
Lewis, Sinclair 17 9 792
Lin Piao 2 5 556
Litvinov, Maksim 13 5
844
Liu Shao-Chi 2 5 543
Lloyd George, David 4 5 406
Lukacs, Georg 7 9 878
Luxemburg, Rosa 6 15 893
MacArthur, Douglas 17 5 586
Magritte, Rene 3 1 929
Maillol, Aristide 5 1 775
Makarios, Myriarthes 7 5 761
Malraux, André 5 9
378
Mann, Thomas 6 9 65
Mao Tse-Tung 2 5 37
Marcuse, Herbert 6 11 646
Masaryk, Tomas 7 5 690
Matisse, Henri 5 1 233
Mauriac, François 5 9 822
Maurras, Charles 5 9 940
McLuhan, Marshall 16 9 815
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig 6
1 379
Modigliani, Amadeo 9 1 620
Mohammed V ben Youssef 1
5 999
Mollet, Guy 5 5 924
Mondrian, Piet 3 1 645
Montgomery of Alamein 4
5 656
Mussolini, Benito 9 5 74
Nabokov, Vladimir 17 9 871
Nagy, Imre 7 5 689
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 1 5 236
Nehru, Jawaharlal 14 5 241
Nenni, Pietro 9 5 828
Neruda, Pablo 8 9 375
Nicholas II of Russia 13
5 221
Nijinsky, Vaslav 13 16 922
Nkrumah, Kwame 1 5 680
O'Neill, Eugene 17 9 188
Ortega y Gasset, José 8
11 976
Orwell, George 4 9 670
Pareto, Vilfredo 9 14 803
Pasolini, Pier 9 16 895
Passos, John dos 17 9 859
Pasternak, Boris 13 9 419
Paul VI, Pope 9 12 253
Pavlov, Ivan 13 14 469
Peron, Juan 18 5 935
Petain, Henri 5 5 274
Piaget, Jean 6 14 826
Picasso, Pablo 8 1 38
Pilsudski, Jozef 7 5 441
Pirandello, Luigi 9 9 424
Pius X, Pope 9 12 481
Pius XI, Pope 9 12 565
Pius XII, Pope 9 12 302
Planck, Max 6 14 361
Poincaré, Raymond 5 5 648
Pompidou, Georges 5 5 765
Pound, Ezra 17 9 306
Prokofiev, Sergei 13 10 290
Proust, Marcel 5 9 197
Rachmaninoff, Sergei 13
10 516
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 14
11 745
Rahman, Mujibur 14 5 755
Ravel, Maurice 5 10 268
Reza Shah Pahlavi 15 5 978
Rhee, Syngman 2 5 688
Rilke, Rainer 6 9 238
Rivera, Diego 18 1 855
Rodchenko, Aleksandr 13 1 991
Rolland, Romain 5 9 757
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 17
5 75
Roosevelt, Theodore 17 5 123
Rundstedt, Gerd von 6 5 889
Russell, Bertrand 4 11 143
Rutherford, Ernest 4 14 213
Salazar, Antonio de 8 5 592
Sartre, Jean-Paul 5 11 80
Scheler, Max 6 11 888
Schonberg, Arnold 6 10 187
Schrodinger, Erwin 6 14 884
Schweitzer, Albert 6 12 321
Shostakovich, Dmitri 13
10 457
Sibelius, Jean 12 10 901
Spengler, Oswald 6 11
501
Stalin, Joseph 13 5 16
Steinbeck, John 17 9 628
Steiner, Rudolf 6 11 904
Strauss, Richard 6 10 381
Stravinsky, Igor 13 10 46
Sukarno 19 5 521
Sun Yat-Sen 2 5 92
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 5
12 491
Thomas, Dylan 4 9 793
Thorez, Maurice 5 5 883
Tillich, Paul 6 12 588
Tito, Marshal 7 5 210
Togliatti, Palmiro 9 5 726
Trotsky, Leon 13 5 124
Truman, Harry 17 5 325
Ulbricht, Walter 6 5 898
Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de 8
11 459
Valera, Eamon de 4 5 563
Valery, Paul 5 9 502
Venizelos, Eleutherios 7
5 669
Vries, Hugo de 3 14 790
Vyshinsky, Andrei 13 5 876
Waugh, Evelyn 4 9 770
Weber, Max 6 14 338
Webern, Anton von 6 10 452
Weil, Simone 5 9 811
Whitehead, Alfred North 4
14 455
Wilder, Thornton 17 9 952
Wilson, Woodrow 17 5 173
Witte, Sergei 13 5 992
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 4
11 332
Woolf, Virginia 4 9 660
Wright, Frank Lloyd 17 1 165
Yeats, William Butler 4
9 185
Zhukov, Georgi 13 5 817
DATA SET for Eminence Revisited